HIV Disease in Children

By Dr.Sally Zeinatie
HIV Disease in Children!
HIV disease in children is on the rise. With increasing prevalence of HIV in women among childbearing age group, absence of effective prevention program to restrict mother to child transmission of HIV and late detection as well as diagnosis of HIV in infected children; it has led to progression of this devastating disease.
HIV Disease in Children!
Having affected millions of homes worldwide, HIV has already entered many households and if nothing is done at present, it would lead to an epidemic of immense magnitude from which recovery will be slow.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
HIV Disease in Children!
Three major routes are:
HIV Disease in Children!
• Sexual contact by 98%
• Transmission by blood by 100%
• Transmission through drug use by 100%
• Transmission in health care settings by 0.3%

Prenatal transmission by 13- 40%:
HIV Disease in Children!
a) in utero by transplacental spread
b) during birth through an infected birth canal
c) after birth by ingestion of milk by 14-29%
HIV Disease in Children!
How long do children with HIV survive?
HIV Disease in Children!
Between 25% and 30% of children who acquire HIV from their mothers die before their first birthday.
HIV Disease in Children!
How can mother-to child transmission of HIV be prevented?
HIV Disease in Children!
Pregnant women must have access to HIV testing and counseling so that they can learn their HIV status and make informed decisions about pregnancy, delivery and feeding options. Those who are HIV-positive should have access to a package of services that can enable safe delivery and ensure safe postnatal care and support for the baby and the mother. In high income countries, the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating the mother and preventing infection in the baby has become the standard of care and has led to the virtual elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV.
HIV Disease in Children!
Infection include:
HIV Disease in Children!
• Fever
• Rash
• Night sweats
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Swollen Glands
• Sore throat
• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
• Oral (mouth) ulcers or sores
• Joint pain and/or muscle aches.
HIV Disease in Children!
The immune system has been severely damaged, making the child susceptible to opportunistic infections.
HIV Disease in Children!

The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include:
HIV Disease in Children!
• Soaking night sweats
• Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F for several weeks
• Dry cough and shortness of breath
• Chronic diarrhea
• Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on the tongue or in the mouth
• Headaches
• Blurred and distorted vision
• Weight loss.
HIV Disease in Children!
TREATMENT
HIV Disease in Children!
The latest drug is T/20, it prevents the HIV from entering into the cell, reducing the amount of HIV in these patients. Results show that the HIV has disappeared from 37% of AIDS patients, after taking this drug for 24 weeks. It was found that whole foods rich in selenocysteine, an amino acid chelating substance, prevents AIDS. Also vitamin A and selenium are good for boosting the immunity.
HIV Disease in Children!
Does antiretroviral therapy work for children with HIV?
HIV Disease in Children!
Antiretroviral therapy has proven to be highly effective in children, including those in resource-poor settings. Rapid initiation of treatment restores and preserves immune functions, promotes
normal growth and development, and prolongs life. (2)
HIV Disease in Children!
PREVENTION
HIV Disease in Children!
VACCINES:
HIV Disease in Children!
1) AIDSVAX: it consists of tiny fragments of gp120, the appendage that HIV uses to bind with target cells. This will trigger the production of antibodies that will stick to critical regions of gp120 preventing HIV from infecting cells.
HIV Disease in Children!
2) HGP-30W: This identifies a stable region of HIV -a protein segment from the core of the virus that holds its form while other parts mutate. The immune system attacks any cell that harbors it.
HIV Disease in Children!
3) GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CANARY-POX VIRUS: that carries the genes for three components of HIV, the surface protein used in AIDSVAX, the core protein used in HGP-30W, and one ENZYME. The immune system attacks both the free floating virus and HIV infected cells. If the altered virus can infiltrate the mucosal cells lining the rectum and vagina, this helps the body stop HIV entering into the bloodstream.
HIV Disease in Children!
“HIV DOES NOT MAKE PEOPLE DANGEROUS TO KNOW, SO YOU CAN SHAKE THEIR HANDS, AND GIVE THEM A HUG. HEAVEN KNOWS THEY NEED IT."
Says Princess Diana.
HIV Disease in Children!
http://www.MySpace.com/Dr.Sally

HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention

By Dr.Sally Zeinatie
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
ORIGIN OF HIV
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
Besides HIV1 and HIV2, there is a related group of monkey lentiviruses (SIVs). Analyses suggest that there may be 3 subgroups: HIV1, HIV2, SIVmn (isolate from sooty mangabey monkey),SIVagm (isolate from African green monkey), SIVmand (isolate from mandrill monkey.
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
EPIDEMIOLOGY
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
HIV was introduced into the human population as recently as 1980. HIV infection has become a widespread pandemic. The WHO estimates that by year 2000, there will be 10 million cases of Aids and 20-40 million cases of HIV infection,90% of which will probably have occurred in developing world. 30 million people are now living with HIV.Nearly 6 million contracted the virus last year alone-some 16,000 everyday. Sub-saharn ..Africa.. has been the region most affected by Aids. Prevalence rates there exceed 40% for adults in some areas.
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
MORPHOLOGY
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
HIV is a retrovirus,which are a large group of RNA viruses.They are spherical, with a diameter of 65-150nm. They are divided into 3 families: Oncovirinae, Spumavirinae, Lentivirinae, to which HIV belongs.
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
The HIV1 proviral genome contains:
gag, pol, env genes which code for 55kDa, 66kDa, 160kDa, proteins respectively.The env gene codes for at least 6 proteins these include products of the following genes:
tat, rev, nef, vif, vpu, vpx, and VPR

MODES OF TRANSMISSION
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
Three major routes are:
sexual contact by 98%
Transmission by blood by 100%
Transmission through drug use by 100%
Transmission in health care settings by 0.3%
Perinatal transmission by 13-40%:
a) in utero by transplacental spread,
b) during birth through an infected birth canal
c) after birth by ingestion of milk by 14-29%
Effects of Infection

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
Detection of antibody:
A) Recombinant antigens and chemically synthesized peptides, gag and env is most recent.
B) SOLID PHASE Elisa’s are widely used.
C) competitive assays, are highly sensitive and specific.
D) agglutination assays, including particle and latex agglutination assays.
E) Western blot has advantage to individual viral proteins .
These tests diagnose HIV within 1-3 months of infection.

Detection of virus:
A) detection of HIV genomic RNA has recently emerged by test known as RDL.
B) peripheral blood leucocytes are stimulated in culture with phytohaemagglutination (PHA) and IL-2, often in co-cultivation with human umbilical cord lymphocytes.
C) Amplified reverse transcriptase (AMP-RT), which directly measures RT activity of virion.
D) detection of P24 antigen early in the course of HIV infection.

TREATMENT
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
A) The latest drug is T/20 TAKEN I.V, it prevents the HIV from entering into the cell, reducing the amount of HIV in these patients. Results show that the HIV have disappeared from 37% of Aids patients, after taking this drug for 24 weeks.
B) In the 2002 conference, held at Barcelona, it was found that whole foods rich in SELENOCYSTEINE, an amino acid chelating substance, that prevents Aids.
C) In the 2001 confernce,was found that VITAMIN A
is for immunity, and selenium helped increase CD4s from 910 to 1407.
D) Gene therapy with compounds that inhibit the regulatory genes of HIV and the use of antisense oligonucleotides are under investigation.
E) Therapies that target cellular structures or factors required to replicate HIV, such as anti-TNF ALFA, CYCLOSPORIN A and cellular transcriptional inhibitors.
F) In 1998, scientists found that INTERFERONS especially ALFA is useful in treatment of certain viral illnesses Aids.
G) There is an updated January 2002 medication includes:
1) ANTIVIRAL: Acyclovir, Famciclovir.
2) ANTI-RETROVIRAL: Abacavir, Didanosine,Stavudine, Dideoxycytidine, Zidovudine.
3) NON NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS: Delavirdine, Efavirenz, Nevirapine.
4) PROTEASE INHIBITORS: Indinavir, Saquinavir,Lopinavir

PREVENTION
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
A) Doctors should wear gloves, goggles plastic coats.
B) Lab workers should be careful while handling the cultures or specimens.
C) Disposable syringes are to be used.
D) Equipment used by dentists should be autoclaved and sterilized.
E) Use of safer sex.
F) Screening of blood.
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
HIV is a RETRO virus,which are a large group of RNA viruses. They are spherical, with a diameter of 65-150nm. Lentivirinae is the family to which HIV belongs.HIV 1 proviral contains gag,pol,env genes. Major routes of transmission are sexual contact,transmission by blood and in health care settings.
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
Laboratory diagnosis is directed towards detection of the antibody and detection of the virus itself. Many treatment regimens are available.Latest being T/20 drug.Food rich in SELENOCYSTEINE prevents AIDS.Vitamin A and Selenium help increase CD4 and boost immunity. Antiviral and Antiretroviral drugs are also available.
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
In prevention,gloves should be worn,use of safer sex,screening of blood,disposable syringes to be used,equipments should be autoclaved and sterilized.
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
In conclusion, HIV deos not make people dangerous to know,so you can shake their hands,and give them a hug,heavens knows they need it.
HIV Virus Treatment & Prevention!
http://www.MySpace.com/Dr.Sally

AIDS, malaria eclipse the biggest child-killers

By MARGIE MASON

HANOI, Vietnam – Diarrhea doesn't make headlines. Nor does pneumonia. AIDS and malaria tend to get most of the attention.

Yet even though cheap tools could prevent and cure both diseases, they kill an estimated 3.5 million kids under 5 each a year globally — more than HIV and malaria combined.

"They have been neglected, because donor or partnership mechanisms shifted their emphasis to HIV and AIDS and other issues," said Dr. Tesfaye Shiferaw, a UNICEF official in Africa. "These age-old traditional killers remain with us. The ones dying are the children of the poor."

Global spending on maternal, newborn and child health was about $3.5 billion in 2006, according to a report by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. That same year, nearly $9 billion was devoted to HIV and AIDS, according to UNAIDS.

Pneumonia is the biggest killer of children under 5, claiming more then 2 million lives annually or about 20 percent of all child deaths. AIDS, in contrast, accounts for about 2 percent.

If identified early, pneumonia can be treated with inexpensive antibiotics. Yet UNICEF and the World Health Organization estimate less than 20 percent of those sickened receive the drugs.

A vaccine has been available since 2000 but has not yet reached many children in developing countries. The GAVI Alliance, a global partnership, hopes to introduce it to 42 countries by 2015.

Diarrheal diseases, such as cholera and rotavirus, kill 1.5 million kids each year, most under 2 years old. The children die from dehydration, weakened immune systems and malnutrition. Often they get sick from drinking dirty water.

The worst cholera outbreak to hit Africa in 15 years killed more than 4,000 people in Zimbabwe last year. The country recently reported new cases of the waterborne disease, and more are expected as the rainy season peaks and sewers overflow.

Rotavirus, a highly contagious disease spread through contaminated hands and surfaces, is the top cause of severe diarrhea, accounting for more than a half million child deaths a year.

A vaccine routinely given to children in the U.S. and Europe is expected to reach 44 poorer countries by 2015 through the GAVI Alliance.

"Every child in the United States gets it, even though they have access to clean water and hygiene," said John Wecker, of the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, a Seattle-based nonprofit that is part of the vaccine alliance. "The only effective way to prevent these deaths is through vaccination."

Diarrheal diseases received more attention in the 1980s and 1990s, he said, but interest has waned or been diverted elsewhere, allowing them to creep back.

"How did the leading killers end up at the bottom of the global health agenda? I don't know," Wecker said at a recent GAVI meeting in Hanoi. "We've got the tools. We're not looking for the next technological breakthrough. It's here now and it's not being used."

Death can often be prevented by giving children fluid replacement, a simple recipe of salt and sugar mixed with clean water to help ward off dehydration. Yet 60 percent of children with diarrhea never receive the concoction, according to a WHO and UNICEF report released last month.

"It is so preventable," said Dr. Richard Cash, a Harvard University expert who helped develop the oral rehydration therapy 40 years ago. "Preventing the deaths is at the very least what we should be striving for."